{"id":14751,"date":"2019-07-26T15:06:51","date_gmt":"2019-07-26T15:06:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/?p=14751"},"modified":"2025-04-22T15:27:45","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T15:27:45","slug":"temporary-title-14751","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/temporary-title-14751\/","title":{"rendered":"Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians"},"content":{"rendered":"<style type=\"text\/css\"><\/style>[cmsmasters_row data_width=&#8221;boxed&#8221; data_padding_left=&#8221;3&#8243; data_padding_right=&#8221;3&#8243; data_top_style=&#8221;default&#8221; data_bot_style=&#8221;default&#8221; data_color=&#8221;default&#8221; data_bg_position=&#8221;top center&#8221; data_bg_repeat=&#8221;no-repeat&#8221; data_bg_attachment=&#8221;scroll&#8221; data_bg_size=&#8221;cover&#8221; data_bg_parallax_ratio=&#8221;0.5&#8243; data_padding_top=&#8221;0&#8243; data_padding_bottom=&#8221;50&#8243;][cmsmasters_column data_width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][cmsmasters_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nutrients <b>2019<\/b>, 11, 1734; doi:10.3390\/nu11081734<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\">Ang\u00e9lica Gallego-Narb\u00f3n , Bel\u00e9n Zapatera and M. Pilar Vaquero *<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jos\u00e9 Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Abstract<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">Vegetarian diets may compromise iron status, as they provide non-haem iron which has low bioavailability. Spanish lacto-ovo vegetarians (n = 49) and vegans (n = 55) were recruited and haematological and biochemical iron parameters were analysed. Food and supplements consumption, body composition, physical activity, menstrual blood losses and hormonal contraceptive use were assessed. Four groups were studied: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), iron depletion (ferritin&lt;15 ng\/mL), iron deficiency (ferritin 15 to 30 ng\/mL), and iron suciency (ferritin &gt;30 ng\/mL). IDA was uncommon (n = 5, 4.8%), 27.9% of participants were iron-depleted, and 30.8% were iron-deficient. Serum ferritin was lower in women than men (p &lt; 0.001) and IDA and iron depleted individuals were all women. There were no dierences attributed to diet type, time being vegetarian or physical activity. The menstrual period length was negatively associated with transferrin saturation ( = \udbc0\udc000.364, p = 0.001) and hormonal contraceptive use ( = \udbc0\udc000.276, p = 0.014). Iron supplements were consumed most frequently by IDA and iron-deficient subjects (p = 0.031).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><strong>Conclusions<\/strong>: Iron status did not vary between lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans and there was not an influence of the time following a vegetarian diet. Although men were iron-sucient, iron deficiency was frequent in women, who should apply strategies to increase iron bioavailability, especially if they experience intense menstrual blood losses.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Keywords: <\/b>iron deficiency; iron status; body iron; ferritin; menstruation; vegetarian; vegan; supplementation<\/p>\n<p>[\/cmsmasters_text][cmsmasters_text animation_delay=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p>[pdf-embedder url=&#8221;https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Physiological-and-dietary-determinants-of-iron-status-in-spanish-vegetarinas.pdf&#8221; title=&#8221;Physiological and dietary determinants of iron status in spanish vegetarinas&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>[\/cmsmasters_text][\/cmsmasters_column][cmsmasters_column data_width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][\/cmsmasters_column][\/cmsmasters_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[cmsmasters_row data_width=&#8221;boxed&#8221; data_padding_left=&#8221;3&#8243; data_padding_right=&#8221;3&#8243; data_top_style=&#8221;default&#8221; data_bot_style=&#8221;default&#8221; data_color=&#8221;default&#8221; data_bg_position=&#8221;top center&#8221; data_bg_repeat=&#8221;no-repeat&#8221; data_bg_attachment=&#8221;scroll&#8221; data_bg_size=&#8221;cover&#8221; data_bg_parallax_ratio=&#8221;0.5&#8243; data_padding_top=&#8221;0&#8243; data_padding_bottom=&#8221;50&#8243;][cmsmasters_column data_width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][cmsmasters_text] Nutrients 2019, 11, 1734; doi:10.3390\/nu11081734 Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians Ang\u00e9lica Gallego-Narb\u00f3n , Bel\u00e9n Zapatera and M. Pilar Vaquero * Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jos\u00e9&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[96,97],"tags":[133,92,82,185,186,81,105,180,184,183,181],"class_list":["post-14751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anemia-mulher","category-artigo-cientifico","tag-anemia-in-woman","tag-anemia-na-mulher","tag-falta-de-ferro","tag-ferritin","tag-ferritina","tag-ferropenia","tag-iron-deficiency","tag-menstruation","tag-suplementacao","tag-supplementation","tag-vegan"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians - AWGP - Testes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians - AWGP - Testes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[cmsmasters_row data_width=&#8221;boxed&#8221; data_padding_left=&#8221;3&#8243; data_padding_right=&#8221;3&#8243; data_top_style=&#8221;default&#8221; data_bot_style=&#8221;default&#8221; data_color=&#8221;default&#8221; data_bg_position=&#8221;top center&#8221; data_bg_repeat=&#8221;no-repeat&#8221; data_bg_attachment=&#8221;scroll&#8221; data_bg_size=&#8221;cover&#8221; data_bg_parallax_ratio=&#8221;0.5&#8243; data_padding_top=&#8221;0&#8243; data_padding_bottom=&#8221;50&#8243;][cmsmasters_column data_width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][cmsmasters_text] Nutrients 2019, 11, 1734; doi:10.3390\/nu11081734 Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians Ang\u00e9lica Gallego-Narb\u00f3n , Bel\u00e9n Zapatera and M. Pilar Vaquero * Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jos\u00e9...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/temporary-title-14751\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AWGP - Testes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/anemiawgp\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-07-26T15:06:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-04-22T15:27:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.awgp.pt\\\/testes\\\/temporary-title-14751\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.awgp.pt\\\/testes\\\/temporary-title-14751\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.awgp.pt\\\/testes\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/692d74175ec69da279706f08b0c063ee\"},\"headline\":\"Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-07-26T15:06:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-04-22T15:27:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.awgp.pt\\\/testes\\\/temporary-title-14751\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":359,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.awgp.pt\\\/testes\\\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"anemia in woman\",\"anemia na mulher\",\"falta de ferro\",\"ferritin\",\"ferritina\",\"ferrop\u00e9nia\",\"iron deficiency\",\"menstruation\",\"suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o\",\"supplementation\",\"vegan\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Anemia Mulher\",\"Artigo cientifico\"],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.awgp.pt\\\/testes\\\/temporary-title-14751\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.awgp.pt\\\/testes\\\/temporary-title-14751\\\/\",\"name\":\"Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians - 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AWGP - Testes","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"pt_PT","og_type":"article","og_title":"Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians - AWGP - Testes","og_description":"[cmsmasters_row data_width=&#8221;boxed&#8221; data_padding_left=&#8221;3&#8243; data_padding_right=&#8221;3&#8243; data_top_style=&#8221;default&#8221; data_bot_style=&#8221;default&#8221; data_color=&#8221;default&#8221; data_bg_position=&#8221;top center&#8221; data_bg_repeat=&#8221;no-repeat&#8221; data_bg_attachment=&#8221;scroll&#8221; data_bg_size=&#8221;cover&#8221; data_bg_parallax_ratio=&#8221;0.5&#8243; data_padding_top=&#8221;0&#8243; data_padding_bottom=&#8221;50&#8243;][cmsmasters_column data_width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][cmsmasters_text] Nutrients 2019, 11, 1734; doi:10.3390\/nu11081734 Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians Ang\u00e9lica Gallego-Narb\u00f3n , Bel\u00e9n Zapatera and M. Pilar Vaquero * Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jos\u00e9...","og_url":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/temporary-title-14751\/","og_site_name":"AWGP - Testes","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/anemiawgp\/","article_published_time":"2019-07-26T15:06:51+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-04-22T15:27:45+00:00","author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Escrito por":"admin","Tempo estimado de leitura":"2 minutos"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/temporary-title-14751\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/temporary-title-14751\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/#\/schema\/person\/692d74175ec69da279706f08b0c063ee"},"headline":"Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians","datePublished":"2019-07-26T15:06:51+00:00","dateModified":"2025-04-22T15:27:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/temporary-title-14751\/"},"wordCount":359,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/#organization"},"keywords":["anemia in woman","anemia na mulher","falta de ferro","ferritin","ferritina","ferrop\u00e9nia","iron deficiency","menstruation","suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o","supplementation","vegan"],"articleSection":["Anemia Mulher","Artigo cientifico"],"inLanguage":"pt-PT"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/temporary-title-14751\/","url":"https:\/\/staging.awgp.pt\/testes\/temporary-title-14751\/","name":"Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians - 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